Surface Emissions and

Prediction of Atmospheric Composition Changes

Summer school

September 11-20, 2007

Ile d’Oléron, France

Program and Posters abstracts

Acknowledgments

The summer school is organized by the GEIA (Global Emissions Inventory Activity) of AIMES (Analysis, Integration and Modeling of the Earth System), a project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP).

The school is supported by the ACCENT European Network of Excellence, and the INTROP (Interdisciplinary Tropospheric Research: from the Laboratory to Global Change) project of the European Science Foundation (ESF) and the US National Science Foundation (NSF). The school also acknowledges support from the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), as a “thematic school”. Support has also been awarded by the French Agency for Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME).

We would like to thank specially Paulette Middleton from Panamorama Pathways (paulette@panoramapathways.net), who has managed the registration and has conducted many contacts with the participants of the school. Aude Mieville and Alice Granier, from the Service d’Aéronomie/Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) are also greatly acknowledged for their help in the management of the logistics.

Claire Granier and Alex Guenther

Co-chairs of GEIA

Directors of the school

Web sites:

GEIA: www.geiacenter.org

AIMES: www.aimes.ucar.edu

IGBP: www.igbp.net

ACCENT: accent-network.org

ESF: www.esf.org

NSF: www.nsf.gov

CNRS: www.cnrs.fr

ADEME: http://www.ademe.fr/anglais/vadefault.htm

Service d’Aéronomie: www.aero.jussieu.fr

IPSL: http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/

Program

Tuesday, September 11
Morning	Arrival of participants
12:30	Lunch
2:00 - 2:30	C. Granier: Introduction of the school
2:30 - 3:30	P. Ginoux: Natural emissions of aerosols
3:30 - 4:00	Coffee Break
4:00 - 5:00	J. VanAardenne: Anthropogenic emissions
5:00 - 6:30	Presentation of e-learning modules - organization of groups (e-learning, reporting and round tables)
7:00	Dinner
Wednesday, September 12
9:00 - 10:00	J. VanAardenne: Future emissions and Scenarios
10:00 - 10:30	Break
10:30 - 11:30	C. Liousse: Emissions from biomass burning
11:30 - 12:15	Presentations of their posters by the participants
12:30	Lunch
4:00 - 5:00	P. Ginoux: satellite observations of aerosols
5:00 - 5:30	Break
5:30 - 6:30	P. Monks: chemical schemes in atmospheric chemistry
6:30 - 7:00	Presentations of their posters by the participants
7:30	Cocktail
8:00	Dinner
Thursday, September 13
9:00 - 10:00	P. Monks: Observation techniques in atmospheric chemistry
10:00 – 10:30	Break
10:30 - 11:30	C.Liousse: Anthropogenic emissions of aerosols
11:30 - 12:30	Presentations of their posters by the participants
12:30	Lunch
4:00 - 5:00	C. George: multiphasic chemistry
5:00 – 5:30	Break
5:30 - 6:30	P. Monks: Intercontinental transport of pollutants
6:30 – 7:30	Round Table: what do we know / don’t know about aerosols?
8:00	Dinner [“Repas Regional”]
Friday, September 14
9:00-10:30	G. Brasseur: chemistry-transport models (1)
10:30 – 11:00	Break
11:00 - 12:00	C. George: Chemistry/Production of organic aerosols
12:00 – 12:30	Presentations of their posters by the participants
12:30	Lunch
3:00 - 4:30	G. Brasseur: chemistry-transport models (2)
4:30 - 5:00	Break
5:00 - 6:00	J. Burrows: The use of satellite data in atmospheric chemistry
6:00 - 7:00	A. Guenther: Natural Emissions of hydrocarbons
7:30	Dinner
Saturday, September 15
9:00 - 10:00	A. Guenther: Measurements of natural emissions
10:00 – 10:30	Break
10:30 - 11:30	G. Brasseur: the history of ozone discoveries
11:30 - 12:30	A. Mieville: the GEIA/ACCENT emissions portal
12:30	Lunch
2:00	Boat tour
7:30	Dinner
Sunday, September 16
Day in La Rochelle, transportation by bus, lunch not included
7:30	Dinner
Monday, September 17
9:00 - 10:30	S. Solomon - Climate Change and Atmospheric Chemistry (1)
10:30 – 11:00	Break
11:00 - 12:00	I. Isaksen: Use of models to study the past evolution of the atmospheric composition
12:00 - 12:30	Presentations of their posters by the participants
12:30	Lunch
4:00 - 5:00	D. Fowler: Impact of gaseous pollutants on ecosystems
5:00 – 5:30	Break
5:30 - 6:30	L. Rouil: Forecasting of atmospheric chemistry
6:30 - 7:30	Discussion on the development of an e-learning module on emissions
7:30	Cocktail
8:00	Dinner
Tuesday, September 18
9:00 - 10:30	S. Solomon - Climate Change and Atmospheric Chemistry (2)
10:30 – 11:00	Break
11:00 - 12:00	D. Fowler: the atmospheric cycle of nitrogen
12:00 - 12:30	Presentations of their posters by the participants
12:30	Lunch
4:30 - 5:30	M. Kanakidou: Modeling of aerosols
5:30 – 6:00	Break
6:00 – 7:00	Round table chaired by S. Solomon: The IPCC reports
7:30	Dinner [“Repas Regional”]
Wednesday, September 19
9:00 - 10:00	M. Beekmann: Use of inverse modeling to evaluate emissions
10:00 - 10:30	Coffee Break
10:30 - 11:30	M. Kanakidou: Particles and health
11:30 - 12:30	I. Isaksen: Changes in air quality in different areas of the world
12:30	Lunch
4:30 - 5:30	S. Turquety: Use of satellite data / assimilation and inverse modeling
5:30 - 6:00	Coffee Break
6:00 - 7:00	M. Kanakidou: The e-learning module on remote sensing
7:30	Dinner
Thursday, September 20
9:00 - 10:00	Presentations by groups of the school reports
10:00 – 10:30	Break
10:30 - 11:30	Summary of the discussions on the development of e-learning modules
11:30 – 12:00	Conclusions of the school
12:00	Lunch and end of the school

Abstracts of posters

Poster 1

Emissions inventory for anthropogenic aerosols in Africa

E.-M. Assamoi

Laboratoire d’Aérologie, Toulouse, France

Regional climate and its variability is a major issue, particularly in Africa, a reference continent for climatic changes, with various impacts in terms of deforestation, desertification and consequently, in terms of vital resources. Explosive demographic growth all over the African continent these last decades, as well as rural depopulation, results in overpopulation in sprawling megalopoles (e.g. Abidjan, Lagos) concentrating a major part of polluting national activities (trafic, industries...). Also, there is a rapid development in oil and mining activities along the Gulf of Guinea coasts. Biofuel combustions are also largely widespread for domestic needs. All this contributes to considerable increasing anthropogenic emissions of combustion aerosols. So, there is an urgent need for developing emission inventories of carbonaceous aerosols, presently largely lacking in Africa.

The first objective of my Ph.D. is to develop an emission inventory for anthropogenic aerosols (Black and Organic Carbon) at the scale of the African continent, in association with present biomass burning inventories. A second objective, will be to implement this inventory in the Reg-CM regional climatic model, for the present (2005) and the future (2030, 2050 and 2100), so as to characterize the impact of aerosols on air quality and on radiative budgets.

Poster 2

Myrcene oxidation: Ozonolysis and reaction with OH radicals

F. Bernard¹, Daele V.¹, Mellouki A.¹, Morris R.², Borras E.³ and Sidebottom H.²

¹ICARE-CNRS, Orléans, France;

²School of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, UCD, Dublin, Ireland;

³Fundación CEAM, Parque Technologico, Paterna ,Valencia, Spain

Reactions of wide variety biogenic compounds have so far been intensively studied either in the gas-phase or in the particulate phase. These compounds such as a-, b-pinene, sabinene or D³-carene bear a cyclic structure and have caused the attention due to their high emission rates and their important ability to form Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA). Nevertheless, a large fraction of atmospheric organic aerosol originating from secondary sources is not well characterised and might be caused by the atmospheric degradation of biogenic acyclic VOCs.

Myrcene (or 7-methyl-3-methylene-1,6-octadiene) is an acyclic monoterpene emitted by vegetation. It has been chosen as a initial species in the study of a series of biogenic acyclic monoterpenes including linalool and ocimene as well as larger compounds such as acyclic sesquiterpenes (α-farnesene, β-farnesene, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), …). Myrcene is very reactive towards the major atmospheric oxidants (OH, NO₃ and O₃) and its oxidation contributes to secondary organic aerosol formation.

However, although numerous gas phase studies performed in simulation chamber have been performed, disagreements of gas phase product yields still exist. Concerning aerosol formation, most of the studies have been performed in the presence of inorganic seed aerosol that favours condensation, and the chemical composition of the condensed phase has not been investigated so far.

In this work, we report the following measurements: rate constants for the reactions of myrcene with OH and O₃, gas-phase product and aerosol yields for the reaction with O₃. Preliminary results on the chemical composition of SOA will be presented.

Poster 3

Measurements and modelling of IASI tropospheric ozone

A. Boynard^{1, 2}, Clerbaux C.¹, Beekmann M.², Turquety S.¹,

Hadji-Lazaro J.¹, George M.¹, Forêt G.², Dufour G.²

¹Service d’Aéronomie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France ;

²Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, Faculté des Sciences et Technologie, Créteil, France

The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instrument is a nadir-viewing remote sensor that was launched in October 2006 on board the European satellite METOP. The instrument consists of a Fourier transform spectrometer which records atmospheric spectra in the thermal infrared with high spectral resolution (0.5 cm^-1). IASI will provide near real-time measurements of ozone with an excellent geographic coverage, opening new perspective for chemical forecasting with an unprecedented amount of data. In particular, significant improvements for ozone peaks forecasting are awaited, through data assimilation of IASI ozone measurements into a three-dimensional chemistry-transport model.

We present preliminary analysis undertaken for the data assimilation of IASI observations in the continental atmospheric model CHIMERE. The detailed characterization of the ozone retrievals will be presented, in particular the evaluation of the sensitivity of the measurement to the different atmospheric layers. In addition, a sensitivity study of the model CHIMERE is performed to assess the model error covariance required for the data assimilation. The first available IASI data will be discussed in the framework of data assimilation for chemical forecasts.

Poster 4

Biomass burning and dust aerosol in West Africa; Highlights from the AMMA SOP0 experiment

G. Capes

School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom

Biomass burning aerosols have a significant influence on the radiative budget of the Earth’s surface and its atmosphere through their ability to scatter and absorb solar radiation. Mineral dust also exerts a significant influence on both solar and terrestrial radiation. During the dry season in the sub-Sahelian region of West Africa large areas of biomass are burnt each year, most of which is anthropogenic, and hence the region is a large source of biomass burning aerosol during December, January and February.

This aerosol is often lofted and advected westwards, impacting the whole and extending over the eastern Atlantic Ocean. In the same period, low level flow from the Sahara advects naturally suspended dust into the Sahel region. The interaction of these aerosol types within the atmospheric column is unclear and needs to be quantitatively assessed, and the impact of mixing of these aerosol types needs to be established to assess their regional effect on the radiative balance.

The first Special Observation Period (SOP0) of the African Monsoon Multidimensional Analyses (AMMA) project took place during January and February 2006 in West Africa to study these interactions. Several ground based measurement sites performed in situ aerosol characterization and radiation measurements. An Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) programme mobile facility is currently based at Niamey airport, Niger, and was operational throughout SOP0. The UK FAAM research aircraft was also based in Niamey and performed a combination of in situ aerosol characterization and radiation measurements, in combination with the ground stations and satellites and a microlight, fitted with a LIDAR was also flown. This paper discusses how the combination of these measurements was used to probe the interaction of biomass burning and dust aerosols, and atmospheric radiation across the West African region during the dry season and focuses on key scientific highlights from the experiment.

Poster 5

Kinetic, product & aerosol studies from the reaction of ozone with C₆ biogenic volatile organic compounds.

T.Carey, Wenger J.

Department of Chemistry, University College, Cork, Ireland

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) account for 90% of hydrocarbon emissions into the Earth’s atmosphere. In recent years an increasing number of oxygenated BVOCs have been detected in field measurements and plant emission studies. In particular a range of C₆ oxygenates have been identified including compounds such as cis-3-hexenyl acetate, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, cis-3-hexenal and cis-3-hexene. The atmospheric fate of oxygenated BVOCs is dominated by gas-phase reactions with three species in the troposphere: hydroxyl radical (OH), nitrate radical (NO₃) and ozone (O₃). Such reactions produce oxidized hydrocarbons, ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). SOA formation occurs when oxidation products of the VOCs undergo nucleation reactions to form new particles of have low enough vapour pressures to allow condensation onto pre-existing aerosol.

The overall aim of this work is to investigate the reaction of ozone with the C₆ family of BVOCs under atmospheric conditions. Experiments on the O₃ initiated oxidation of the C₆ BVOCs have been performed in a large atmospheric simulation chamber in our laboratory. The chamber is made from FEP foil and has a volume of approximately 3910 litres. Gas phase oxidation products have been identified using FTIR spectroscopy and PFBHA derivatisation coupled with GC-MS. The absolute rate method is used to determine rate coefficients of these four compounds while LC-MS & GC-GC-TOF-MS is used for SOA analysis and confirmation of oligomer formation.

Poster 6

Preliminary study of atmospheric degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with ozone

M. Cazaunau, Budzinski H. and Villenave E.

University of Bordeaux I, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Talence, France

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons are mainly emitted in the atmosphere via anthropogenic processes under oxygen deficient conditions (residence heating, road transport…) and natural processes (forest fire…). Due to their low vapour pressure, they are mostly adsorbed on fine particles forming the respirable part of the atmospheric aerosol. Under solar irradiation or under the presence of different atmospheric oxidants (OH, O₃, NOx…), they may be degraded, generating potentially more toxic compounds.

This study deals with the heterogeneous reactivity of ozone with PAHs adsorbed on a model of mineral atmospheric particles.

The 2 PAHs choosen, Benzo[a]Pyrene (BaP) and Dibenzo[a,l]Pyrene (DalP), are known to be carcinogenic for humans. They had been coated on silica by liquid/solid adsorption. Silica is used here as a model of mineral atmospheric particles with well-controled physico-chemical properties.

PAHs had been exposed to ozone with different exposure time and with ozone concentration varying from 5 x 10¹² to 6 x 10¹⁴ molecule cm^-3. Micro-wave assisted extraction has been used to extract the particulate-PAHs and the quantification has been performed by addition of an internal standard.

The pseudo-first order rate constants were obtained from the fit of the experimental decay of particulate-PAHs concentrations versus time. Second order rate constants were calculated considering the ozone gaseous concentration. Lifetime has been then estimated with ambient atmospheric ozone concentration.

Poster 7

N₂O distribution along the eastern South Pacific (12º - 55ºS)

M. Cornejo^{1, 2}, Farías L.² and Gallegos M.²

¹Programa de Doctorado en Oceanografía, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Chile

²Departamento de Oceanografía & Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción Chile

The global climate has been experienced disturbances since the beginning of the industrial age. These disturbances have mainly been associated with increased greenhouse gases such as CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O in the atmosphere. N₂O is one of the most potent of these gases. It is able to influence the radiation balance of the planet and to participate of the stratospheric ozone destruction. The ocean contributes 25% of the total N₂O production; most of which (up to 75% of global oceanic production) comes from the so-called oxygen minimum zones (OMZ), which are also found associated with coastal upwelling areas. The occurrence of coastal upwelling events with different frequencies and intensities along the Peruvian and Chilean coast must also be considered as propitious conditions for intense N₂O production and recycling.

In the eastern South Pacific, the oxygen-deficient layer is associated with Equatorial Subsurface Waters (ESSW) distributed southwards (up to ~45º S) by the Peru-Chile Countercurrent. Off Peru and northern Chile there is a permanent upwelling and suboxic subsurface waters (OMZ). This OMZ is one of the shallowest and strongest (<5 µM of O₂) of the world ocean. Coastal waters off central Chile is characterized by seasonal upwelling and hypoxic subsurface waters; whereas, waters off southern Chile are completely oxygenated and the area is subject to strong instability of the mixed layer making it a highly dynamic zone

Measurements of dissolved O₂ and N₂O, nutrients (NO₃^- and NO₂^-), and other variables and oceanographic parameters were taken in the water column between 12° and 58°S, from 2000 to the present. The study area includes: Callao, Pisco, Iquique, Mejillones, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Concepción, and Punta Arenas.

The vertical distribution of N₂O showed three basic patterns dominated mainly by the water’s oxygenation and then by the productivity. A sharp subsurface maximum (with saturation levels up to 1400%) was associated with a strong oxycline followed by a N₂O consumption zone, where the O₂ concentrations dropped below 11 µM (OMZ core). This condition is found off Peru and northern Chile (12°-23°S). When this core water is oxygenated to levels greater than 22.3 µM as it moves southward the N₂O increases gradually with depth as found off central Chile (30º - 36º S). In southernmost Chile, a slight increase in N₂O with depth (up to 25 nM at 1000 – 2000 m depth) was associated with the high oxygenation and low primary production levels. Air-sea N₂O fluxes reflect the hydrographic/oceanographic conditions of each region. Central Chile, without doubt the region with the strongest N₂O flux to the atmosphere (annual mean N₂O flux of 31.8 µmol·m^-2·d^-1), whereas Peru and northern Chile have a summer mean flux of 23.4 µmol·m^-2·d^-1, showing the moderating effect of the OMZ where N₂O consumption has been identified by canonical denitrification in the core. Contrary to northern and central Chile, southern Chile represents a slight N₂O sink (in average -3 µmol·m^-2·d-¹).

Poster 8

On-road mobile emissions inventories for the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires

A. d’Angiola

Comision Nacional de Energia Atomic (CNEA), Argentina

My work is focused on the development of emission inventories from on-road mobile sources in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires (MABA) and the analysis of the driving variables. Emissions for the following compounds were analyzed: CO, NOx, VOCs, SO2, PM, CO2, CH4, and N2O. Two different approaches were employed: 1) a static bottom-up approach with european emission factors (COPERT 3), together with some local measurements, and 2) a dynamic emission inventory, employing the IVE model (International Vehicle Emissions Model), for which an activity data campaign was performed in order to analyze and comprehend the behaviour of our local running fleet.

The campaign took place on May 2007, and consisted of different tasks: assessing the parked fleet as well as the circulating fleet in three areas of MABA (low-income, high-income and commercial areas), and analyzing driving patterns with GPS equipments as well as measuring hot and cold start-up patterns. 

Different socioeconomic variables were analyzed for 2 purposes: to disaggregate the activity data of the computed emissions, as well as to facilitate the computation of emissions in areas where the number of registered vehicles by district or province is not well-known or of easy access.

Poster 9

Diurnal variations of organic aerosols in a suburban area of Greater Paris (France): First results of the AEROCOV program

O. d’Argouges, Sarda-Estève R., Sciare J., Cachier H., Gaymoz C., Gros V. and Bonsang B.

Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE (CNRS-CEA-IPSL-UVSQ), Gif/Yvette, France

An exhaustive and fast chemical characterization of fine aerosols (<2.5 µm A.D.) has been performed in a suburban area of Greater Paris (France) for a 2-week period (Dec. 2006) in order to identify the major chemical contributors to PM2.5 and to the Light scattering coefficient.

Measurements of the major inorganic salts (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate) were obtained from a Particle-Into-Liquid-Sampler and Ion Chromatography (PILS-IC) with a time resolution of 5 min. Black carbon (BC) concentrations were obtained every 5 min from an Aethalometer (Magee Scientific). Semi-continuous measurements of organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC) were performed every 1h using a Sunset lab EC-OC Field Instrument (equipped with a VOC denuder). Fast-measurements of PM2.5 were obtained every 6 min from a R&P TEOM-FDMS and every 1 min from a calibrated Optical counter (GRIMM). Light scattering coefficient measurements were performed at RH<40% every 1 min.

Two indirect methods for estimating real-time (5 minutes) concentrations of particulate organic matter (POM) has been used here based on 1) the reconstruction of the light scattering coefficient, and 2) the reconstruction of particulate matter (PM) of fine aerosols.

These POM concentrations were compared with semi-continuous OC measurements to derive a 1-h time resolution of the conversion factor OC-to-POM, which can be related to the oxidation rate of organics. Diurnal variations of carbonaceous aerosols (BC, OC, POM) and related key parameters (BC/OC ratio and OC-to-POM conversion factor) have shown contrasted daytime / nighttime behaviors which are discussed here from the diurnal variations of fossil fuel combustion tracers measured in gas phase.

Poster 10

Aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry: characterisation of single particles from London

M. Dall’Osto and Harrison R. M.

Division of Environmental Heath and Risk Management, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham,

The aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS; TSI-Model 3800) provides information on a polydisperse aerosol, acquiring precise aerodynamic diameter (±1%) within the range 0.1 to 3 micrometres and individual particle positive and negative mass spectral data in real time.

Performing searches for different chemical markers, the ATOFMS can provide a qualitative picture of the trends in the number concentrations of a particular species with high time resolution. The data shown herein were collected in the REPARTEE field studies where the ATOFMS was deployed at Regents Park during the month of October 2006.

Aerosol particle size and composition were correlated with local sources and meteorological factors and with air mass back trajectories, demonstrating the influence of both local and natural anthropogenic sources and also long-range transport of continental air masses with differing composition. The major finding of the field study was the apportionment of two types of nitrate containing aerosols. KNOx particle type is thought to be formed locally in London during night time, whilst ECSOxNOx particle type is thought to be formed in continental Europe and transported in the UK. Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMS confirmed the ATOFMS finding. This poster also shows some examples of how the synergy of the two instruments can explain atmospheric composition changes, either caused by local sources or long range transport of airborne pollutants.

Poster 11

Satellite observations of formaldehyde

I. De Smedt

Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (IASB-BIRA), Brussels, Belgium

Formaldehyde (CH₂O) is the most abundant of the carbonyl compounds and a central component of the tropospheric chemistry. The oxidation of CH₄ by OH provides the global background of CH₂O. Over continental regions, the oxidation of volatile organic compounds from biogenic emissions, biomass burning and anthropogenic hydrocarbons result in important and localised CH₂O concentrations. It has been showed that GOME and SCIAMACHY measurements of CH₂O can be used to constrain VOCs emissions used in current state-of-the-art chemical transport models (CTMs). In order to perform this kind of inverse modelling application, a good characterisation of the satellite product is needed as well as a consistent dataset over several years of measurements. This work presents the retrieval of tropospheric CH₂O with the DOAS technique from GOME and SCIAMACHY spectra. Efforts have been performed to assess the homogeneity of the data products derived from these different platforms with the aim to derive a combined global and consistent dataset of CH₂O vertical columns. The retrieval for the two instruments has been preformed using the same fitting interval and a consistent methodology for the evaluation of altitude-resolved air mass factors. This allows a direct comparison of the results and the construction of a consistent dataset over twelve years from 1996 to today. Furthermore, a detailed description of the errors is presented.  This discussion include errors on the slant columns retrieval and errors in the evaluation of the air mass factors which is due to uncertainties in the a-priori profile, in the ground albedo and in the clouds properties.  

Poster 12

GEIA data assimilation for an air quality photochemical forecast application in Brazil

L. S. de Souza¹, Landau L.², Claudio L.¹ and Pimentel G.¹

¹Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Geociências, Departamento de Meteorologia (IGEO/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

²Coordenação dos Programas de Pesquisa em Engenharia, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (COPPE/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

This Poster presents a methodology to data assimilation from GEIA basis into SMOKE model for an application in Brazil. The goal is this study is to assimilate both Biogenic and Anthropogenic data to be used on a Brazilian Large Domain grid. The next steps of this job is to use CMAQ model and nesting grids to perform Air Quality Forecast to the Amazonia Region, considering the cities, the fires during dry season and the land use changes common at that region. Nowadays the GEIA data has been modified into the format required through the SMOKE model to a GRID covering Brazil and some countries at the Brazilian borders.

Poster 13

Isoprenoids emission and their interaction with ozone uptake in forest species

S. Fares¹, Wildt J.², Loreto F.¹

¹CNR (National Research Council) – Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome

²Institute Phytosphere (ICG-III), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany

Plants are exposed to increasing levels of phyto-toxic atmospheric ozone. We have studied weather ozone uptake by plants emitting monoterpenes (Quercus ilex) or isoprene (Populus nigra), enclosed in a tank reactor, and exposed to 100 ppb ozone, is associated to stomatal opening, and to ozone detoxification mechanisms, namely to the scavenging activity of volatile isoprenoids.. Isoprene-ozone reaction products (methacrolein and methyl-vinyl-ketone) were also measured. Light, temperature and CO₂ were controlled to modulate stomatal opening, ozone uptake, and emission of isoprenoids. In both plant species the stomatal flux of ozone was directly proportional to the stomatal conductance. However, ozone uptake was higher than expected on the basis of stomatal uptake in the monoterpene-emitting species, indicating that monoterpene may effectively remove ozone in gas phase reactions in the leaf mesophyll.

Poster 14

The protective role of isoprenoids emitted by plants in episodes of high ozone levels

S. Fares and Loreto F.

CNR (National Research Council) – Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome

Many scientists assume that isoprenoids may defend plants against oxidative stress (Velikova et al. 2005). Isoprenoid emission, in turn generating tropospheric ozone in association with anthropogenic NOx, was found to increase under oxidative stress condition (Loreto et al. 2004). Ozone is one of the most dangerous products in polluted urban areas and its atmospheric concentration increased over the last decades. Modellers predict an ozone increase of 50% by the year 2100 (Fowler at al. 1999). The ozone concentration in the low troposphere is today a risk for many forest ecosystems. Trees, in particular in urban areas, are able to capture ozone from the air (Altimir et al. 2004). High ozone has negative effects on plants growth, involving acceleration of leaf senescence, chlorophyll degradation, alteration in N metabolism, reduction in CO₂ assimilation and consequently of productivity, probably also because of the associated stomatal closure (Zheng et al. 2002). Stomatal closure is a crucial parameter since it may influence both the stomatal uptake and the ozone phytotoxicity. An important discrimination exists between ozone adsorption (by stem and cuticle) and ozone absorption (by diffusion through stomata). Absorption is driven not only by stomatal conductance, but also by rapid scavenging of ozone into the leaves by antioxidants. In this study we have investigated: 1)if ozone uptake is associated to stomatal conductance, 2)if ozone uptake is related to isoprenoid content and scavenging activity in leaves of different plant species during and after ozone fumigation, 3)what is the relationship between ozone uptake, isoprenoids emission and foliar damage. Leaves enclosed in enclosures of different sizes were fumigated with synthetic air containing an ozone concentration of 100 ppb. The ozone uptake was calculated by measuring the difference between the ozone concentration in the air entering and leaving the cuvette. The foliar damage caused by ozone expressed in terms of necrosis, reduction of photosynthesis and fluorescence was studied. Plants were exposed to different temperatures (20-30-35 °C) and to variable light intensities (PAR from 0 to 1000) to induce different stomatal opening, ozone uptake, and emission of isoprenoids. An inhibitor (Fosmidomycin) was also used to modulate isoprenoids production by plants. The results show that in all species the ozone uptake is directly proportional to the stomatal conductance, and increases in presence of isoprenoids. In all cases the foliar damage is reduced in presence of isoprenoids, confirming the hypothesis of the antioxidant role of isoprenoids.

Poster 15

Disturbance and vegetation properties effect biogenic nitric oxide emissions from an arid Kalahari Savanna

G. T. Feig and Meixner F. X.

Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Department, Mainz, Germany

Nitric oxide is an important trace gas that is involved in several critical processes in the atmosphere; it plays a central role in the reactions that regulate the levels of tropospheric ozone and is a precursor in the production of nitric acid. Nitrification and denitrification processes in the soil provide an important source of nitric oxide, particularly in non-industrialised regions. Arid and semi-arid ecosystems are thought to be an important contributor to the global biogenic nitric oxide budget; however there have been very few measurements in these ecosystems. Soil and vegetation processes are also know to exert an influence on the biogenic emission of nitric oxide from the soil. This study used a laboratory incubation technique to measure the nitric oxide flux from soil obtained in four vegetation types, differing in levels of disturbance or soil type (Perennial Grassland, Annual Grassland, Bush Encroached, Pan) and four vegetation cover types within each of the vegetation types (under tree canopy, under grass canopy, open, soil crust) in the Kalahari. The highest emissions occurred in the least disturbed ecosystem, the perennial grassland. Within each ecosystem the highest emissions occurred under the dominant vegetation type. This study shows that changes in vegetation structure, due to management practice or soil properties can have an important impact on the biogenic emission of important trace gases into the atmosphere.

Poster 16

Modeling emission, transport and deposition of biomass burning

gases/aerosols in South America using the CATT-BRAMS model system

S. R. Freitas

Divisão de Modelagem e Desenvolvimento Centro de Previsao de Tempo e Estudos Climaticos / INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil.

We introduce the Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport model to the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (CATT-BRAMS). CATT-BRAMS is an on-line transport model fully consistent with the simulated atmospheric dynamics. The sources emission from biomass burning and urban-industrial-transportation activities for gases and aerosol may be defined from several published dataset and remote sensing. The model is applied to simulate carbon monoxide and particulate material PM2.5 emission, transport and deposition during 2002 Amazon basin field campaign. Model validation is presented with comparison of model results with surface, rawinsonde and aircraft profiles observed data obtained during the campaign and remote sensing derived products.

Poster 17

Including the sub-grid scale plume rise of vegetation fires in low

resolution atmospheric transport models.

S. R. Freitas

Divisão de Modelagem e Desenvolvimento Centro de Previsao de Tempo e Estudos Climaticos / INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil.

We describe a parameterization to include the vertical transport of hot gases and particles emitted from biomass burning in low resolution atmospheric-chemistry transport models. This sub-grid transport mechanism is simulated by embedding a 1D cloud-resolving model with appropriate lower boundary conditions in each column of the 3D host model. Through assimilation of remote sensing fire products, we recognize which columns have fires. Using a land use dataset appropriate fire properties are selected. The host model provides the environmental conditions, allowing the plume rise to be simulated explicitly. The derived height of the plume is then used in the source emission field of the host model to determine the effective injection height, releasing the material emitted during the flaming phase at this height. Model results are compared with CO aircraft profiles from an Amazon basin field campaign and with satellite data, showing the huge impact that this mechanism has on model

performance. We also show the relative role of each main vertical transport mechanisms, shallow and deep moist convection and the pyro-convection (dry or moist) induced by vegetation fires, on the distribution of biomass burning CO emissions in the troposphere.

Poster 18

What about the consistency of absorption coefficients used with different remote sensing instruments?

A. Gratien¹, Picquet-Varrault B.¹, Doussin J. F.¹, Johnson M. S.², Nielsen C. J.³, Orphal J.¹ and Flaud J.-M.¹

¹LISA, CNRS and University Paris 12&7, Créteil, France

²Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

³Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

For the measurement of atmospheric ozone and formaldehyde concentrations, mid-infrared and ultraviolet absorptions are both used by ground, air or satellite instruments. It is then of the utmost importance to have consistent spectral parameters in these various spectral domains to have coherent profiles of concentrations retrieved by various instruments using different spectral domains. Consequently the aim of the study was to intercalibrate spectra in the infrared and ultraviolet regions. The experiments were performed at LISA by acquiring simultaneously UV and IR spectra at room temperature and atmospheric pressure using a common optical cell. The reactor contains two multiple reflection optical systems interfaced to a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and to an UV-visible absorption spectrometer. Additional experiments were performed in the photoreactor in Oslo to determine infrared cross sections of formaldehyde by quantifying HCHO in the cell using titration by bromine atoms. Then, using IR/UV intercomparison experiments, UV cross sections were deduced from infrared absorption coefficients.

For both compounds, results will be presented and discussed to check whether the published spectroscopic data in the two spectral regions are in agreement. Moreover, UV and IR cross sections of formaldehyde obtained in this study will be compared to previous data.

Poster 19

Estimation of spatial heavy metal emissions in Russia using top-bottom approach

S. A. Gromov

Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Roshydromet and Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

The specific procedures to use an emission factor methodology were developed and applied for trace metal emission evaluation into the atmosphere over the territory of the Russia. The existed data on heavy metal emissions were revised as the background information from official sources and expert estimations. A top-bottom approach was selected to be applied for estimation of emissions from industrial sources, fuel combustion by power plants, commercial and domestic heaters, and transport. Various initial information sets were defined and reviewed for the source categories as well as the concept of their spatial emission distribution. The calculated atmospheric emissions of lead, cadmium and mercury were produced along main source categories of Russia for 1990, 1995 and 1997 using modified (or adopted) emission coefficients. The emissions from metallurgy were recognised to be still the most important source of anthropogenic heavy metals in the atmosphere. The results of evaluation demonstrated the general trends of atmospheric heavy metal emissions with greater decreasing during the first half of 1990s followed by rather stable level of ones later to be explained by recession in fuel consumption and industrial activity in NIS for that period (Table 1). The significant spatial variations of atmospheric emissions over vast territories with remarkable higher values in the vicinity of industrial cities were described based on the results of their distribution to 1x1 degree grid.

Table 1. Calculated annual anthropogenic emission of heavy metals into the atmospheric
in Russia and of the FSU, tons

Region of country in the FSU	Cadmium			Mercury			Lead
	1990	1995	1997	1990	1995	1997	1990	1995	1997
European Russia	128.1	69.1	72.6	111.3	62.4	40.9	8865.8	4330.1	4836.2
Asian Russia	63.4	43.2	51.3	70.1	49.4	20.1	4479.5	2755.5	2719.7
Total for NIS countries	388.4	207.2	226.1	303.3	172.1	127.6	24903.0	11520.2	11947.3

Poster 20

Wetlands, methyl halides and the ozone layer

C. Hardacre

University of Edinburgh

Methyl bromide and methyl chloride (MeX) are trace gases in the atmosphere. Despite their extremely low concentrations, MeX contribute strongly to the degradation of stratospheric ozone, the natural filter for damaging UV radiation on its way to the earth's surface. MeX have both anthropogenic and natural sources, however, the latter are poorly quantified. The main aims of this project are to better quantify MeX flux from Scottish wetland systems and to improve our understanding of the effects of environmental factors such as temperature, light and soil moisture on MeX flux. Four wetland systems are being studied using static flux chambers and air samples are analysed for MeX using GC-ECD with a custom built pre-concentration unit.

Poster 21

Organic functional groups in submicron aerosol by FTIR measurements in Gulf of Mexico during TEXAQS/GoMACCS 2006

L. N. Hawkins¹, Russell L. M.¹ and Bates T.²

¹Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA

²National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, USA

To characterize the pollutants created in and transported to the Gulf of Mexico and coastal Texas, a multi-platform campaign was conducted involving ground, air, and shipboard measurements. Organic compounds in primary and secondary aerosol particles are of particular interest due to the complexities associated with CCN activity in organic-containing particles. We present results of FTIR spectral analysis from approximately 100 filters collected over 6 weeks of the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study / Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (TEXAQS/GoMACCS). Quantified functional group concentrations include aromatic C=C-H, unsaturated aliphatic C=C-H, saturated aliphatic C-C-H, organic hydroxyl O-H, organosulfur C-O-S, and carbonyl C=O. Aerosol organic fraction and functional group speciation as measured by FTIR analysis is compared with results from an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) operated on board the Ronald H. Brown. Specifically, carbonyl concentration as determined by a peak in the infrared spectrum at 1720 cm^-1 is compared to the loading of m/z = 44 which has been established as a CO₂ fragment in previous AMS studies. Time-resolved total organic concentration as derived from each technique is also compared. The AMS particulate organic matter (POM) 50^th percentile and 95^th percentile are 1.27 mg m^-3 and 14.53 mg m^-3, respectively.

Poster 22

The exchange of oxygenated VOCs between plants and the atmosphere

K. Jardine¹, Guenther A.² and Mak J.¹

¹Stony Brook University, Marine Science Research Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA

²National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA.

The exchange of oxygenated VOCs including methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, and acetic acid between the biosphere and the atmosphere has a significant impact on atmospheric chemistry, plant biology, and possibly even climate. Using new in-situ field observations of these abundant OVOCs, we constrain emission and deposition patterns above and within three different forested ecosystems in the US. These include a loblolly pine plantation in North Carolina, a mixed hardwood forest in northern Michigan, and a Walnut orchard in central California. Canopy scale exchange patterns are put in context of flux measurements from branch, soil, and litter enclosures. In addition, stable carbon isotope ratio measurements of methanol and acetaldehyde reveal a means to further constrain their exchange patterns between various ecosystems and the atmosphere. This is based on differences in δ ¹³C values of different sources such as between live and decaying vegetation, different biochemical source pools within plants, and to fractionation processes occurring during uptake.

Poster 23

Effects of future climate change and land use change on regional climate and ozone in the Houston area : Simulations with the WRF-CHEM model

X Jiang¹, Wiedinmyer C.², Chen F.² and Yang Z.-L.¹

¹Department of Geological Sciences, The John A. and Katherine G. Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin

²National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA

The importance of climate and land-use change on air quality has received increasing attention recently. This study investigates the impacts of climate and land-use change on regional climate and air quality under future IPCC A1B scenario. We applied a fully coupled atmosphere-chemistry model (WRF-CHEM) to the greater Houston, Texas area for current and future years. The WRF-CHEM simulations for August for two a three-year period representing the 2000s and the 2050s, respectively, are evaluated and contrasted. The model simulations were forced by global climate model output. High-resolution land-use data with detailed urban classifications for the Houston areas (low-intensity residential, high-intensity residential, and the industrial/commercial zones) were used with a simple, one-layer urban canopy model with WRF-CHEM. This urban canopy model was coupled to WRF-CHEM to simulate the detailed atmospheric features forced by underlying urban areas. For future-year simulations, we implemented a detailed future urban land-use data based on projected population growth to investigate the effects of future land-use change on regional climate and ozone concentration. Changes in surface meteorological variables and ozone concentration in response to future climate, emissions and land use changes are presented.

Poster 24

Environmental impacts of large-scale biofuels production

M. Johnston

Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment U-W Madison, Madison, USA

We present a comprehensive analysis of the recent trend towards large-scale biofuels policy, production, and use.  To understand multiple dimensions of this problem, we 1) analyze the air quality impacts of large-scale transition to biofuels, 2) assess the carbon emission impacts of expanded biofuels production, and 3) calculate world-wide biofuels supply potential.

To evaluate air quality impacts of biofuels, we will estimate emissions of NOx, PM10, CO, SOx and VOCs in industrial regions already struggling with the regional air quality problems of tropospheric ozone and fine particulates. Our initial analysis focuses on the Midwestern United States freight corridor – an area where heavy petroleum diesel consumption is well documented. We will use the MOBILE6 emissions model to evaluate the relative impact of biodiesel combustions versus petroleum diesel on air quality in this region. This work is in the beginning stages. Although biofuels are often promoted as being "carbon neutral,” the claims of neutrality rarely consider carbon emissions from land-use conversion of intact forests.  To help address this, we calculate “carbon payback,” the number of years of biofuels production and use that would be required to payback the carbon released by converting different types of tropical land cover.  Finally, the emission impacts of biofuels are fundamentally linked to the degree to which they may replace petroleum products. Our research calculates biofuels potential from existing agricultural sources, as well as how biofuels production might be increased through yield improvements, energy crop substitutions, increasing agricultural lands, and the use of second-generation biofuels.

While already growing rapidly and holding much potential to offset petroleum fuels, biofuels must be developed in a responsible and sustainable manner, making more efficient use of existing agricultural lands and ensuring positive impacts on air quality and carbon emissions.

Poster 25

Evidence of vertical transport of CO from Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT)

V. Kanawade and Remedios J.

Space Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

Biomass burning is one of the major sources of air pollution in the Earth’s atmosphere and is a global issue because of its strong implications for global air quality, the biosphere, and public welfare. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a primary component of biomass burning, which due to its lifetime of few months is an excellent tracer of tropospheric pollution transport. CO is also one of the tropospheric trace gases currently observed from the satellite instruments and provides a unique opportunity to study emissions of CO plumes from large forest-fires. The Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument was launched onboard NASA’s EOS Terra satellite in December 1999 to monitor tropospheric CO profiles and is capable of making observations during both day and night. Data are provided at seven vertical pressure levels (surface, 850, 700, 500, 350, 250, and 150 hPa) although these are highly correlated. In the study, we have analyzed MOPITT surface CO mixing ratio data and ratios of CO mixing ratio retrievals at 350 and 850 hPa to examine biomass burning signatures in CO. Deep convective activities in the tropical region are an important pathway of transport of boundary layer pollutant in the upper troposphere. Vertical profiles of CO mixing ratios retrieved from MOPITT instrument have also been analyzed to study vertical transport of CO in the deep convective activity. We will present zonal mean height latitude cross-sections of MOPITT retrieved CO data together with the outgoing longwave radiation and air parcel back trajectory analysis to examine CO signatures in tropical convective systems.

Poster 26

Seasonal trends and possible sources of brown carbon based on two-year aerosol measurements at six sites in Europe

H. Lukács^1*, Gelencsér A.¹, Hammer S.², Puxbaum H.³, Pio C.⁴, Legrand M.⁵, Kasper-Giebl A.³, Handler M.³, Limbeck A.³, Simpson D.⁶ and Preunkert S.⁵

¹Air Chemistry Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Pannon University, Veszprém, Hungary

²Institut für Umweltphysik, University of Heidelberg, Germany

³Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria

⁴CESAM & Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal

⁵Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, CNRS, France ⁶EMEP MSC-W, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway (and Dept. Radio & Space Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden).

Brown carbon is a ubiquitous and unidentified component of organic aerosol which has recently come into the forefront of atmospheric research. This component is strongly linked to the class of humic-like substances (HULIS) in aerosol whose ultimate origin is still being debated. Using a simplified spectroscopic method the concentrations of brown carbon have been determined in aqueous extracts of fine aerosol collected during the CARBOSOL project. Based on the results of two-year measurements of several aerosol constituents at six European sites, possible sources of brown carbon are inferred. Biomass burning (possibly domestic wood burning) is shown to be a major source of brown carbon in winter. At elevated sites in spring, smoke from agricultural fires may be an additional source. Direct comparison of measured brown carbon concentrations with HULIS determined by an independent method reveals that the two quantities correlate well at low-elevation sites throughout the year. At high elevation sites the correlation is still high for winter but becomes markedly lower in summer, implying different sources and/or atmospheric sinks of brown carbon and HULIS. The results shed some light on the relationships between atmospheric brown carbon and HULIS, two ill-defined and overlapping components of organic aerosol.

Poster 27

Description, validation and utility of a structure-activity relationship (SAR) for the gas-phase ozonolysis of aliphatic alkenes and dialkenes

Max McGillen

School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

The configuration of alkyl substituents about carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds exerts a controlling influence on the rate of the ozonolysis reaction. Alkyl substituents can increase (/via/ the inductive effect) and decrease (/via/ the steric effect) the activity of unsaturated bonds, and an accurate description of this information ought to correlate with the ozonolysis rate coefficient. A strong linear relationship is observed (R^2 = 0.94), providing the basis of our SAR method.

SAR estimates were tested against literature measurements of ozonolysis rate coefficients for aliphatic alkenes and dialkenes, and were found to be accurate to within a factor of 2.3 of the measured value for the entire dataset. This represents a significant improvement over methods reported in the literature, where quoted predictions are at best accurate to within a factor of 6.5.

The accuracy of the new method was subsequently validated by experimentation, where new measurements were found to be predicted accurately by the SAR. The utility of the approach in atmospheric modelling was investigated by exchanging experimental rate determinations for SAR estimates in the MCM v3.1. Key products of the ozonolysis reaction such as formic acid were found to be insensitive to the error in the SAR, and it is therefore considered of potential use to detailed atmospheric chemical models.

Poster 28

The optical properties of aerosols as measured by cavity rng-down extinction spectrometry during TeXAQS-GoMACCS 2006: selection of case studies and their implications for air quality and climate

P. Massoli ^(1,2), Baynard T. ^(1,2), Quinn P. ⁽³⁾, Bates T. ⁽³⁾, Lack D. ^(1,2), Lovejoy E. ⁽²⁾, Williams E. ^(1,2), Coffmann D. ⁽³⁾, and Ravishankara A. R. ⁽²⁾

¹Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA,

²NOAA Earth System Science Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, USA,

³NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, USA

The cavity ring down aerosol extinction spectrometer (CRD-AES) developed at NOAA ESRL was deployed on the NOAA RV Ronald.H.Brown during the TEXAQS-GoMACCS summer 2006 study in the Gulf of Mexico to assess the air quality of the Houston area and evaluate the radiative impact of aerosols on local and regional scales. The CRD-AES measured the aerosol extinction coefficient at three wavelengths (355, 532, 1064 nm) and at different relative humidities for both fine and coarse aerosol sizes. The optical properties of aerosols can vary significantly if the aerosol is hygroscopic and is exposed to varying relative humidity. Accurate estimates of such dependence (i.e., fRH) are therefore critical to properly quantify the direct forcing on climate by aerosols (aerosol direct effect). This work presents selected aerosol types of different chemical composition and origin, such as ship emissions, industrial emissions, urban outflow, and continental haze. The sampled aerosols are characterized by the optical properties that determine direct forcing on climate (i.e., optical depth, single scattering albedo, Angstrom exponent and fRH), coupled with chemical composition information. Hydrophobic character is shown by fresh emissions (such as ship plumes), whereas the continental outflow exhibits some variability depending on source, composition and degree of transformation. These data will be discussed with an emphasis on the variation of the optical properties with relative humidity and how this reflects on both local air quality and regional climate.

Poster 29

Data assimilation in a coupled meteorological-chemistry model

P. Messina, Fierli F., Maurizi A., D'Isidoro M., Mircea M. and Orlandi E.

Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Italy

In the poster will be presented the PhD starting work that deals with the implementation of data assimilation routines in the three-dimensional mesoscale- transport model BOLCHEM (Bologna Limited Area Model coupled with Chemistry). The chemistry is integrated simultaneously with meteorology without any interpolation in time or space.

The starting part of the work concerns the individuation of cases studies about days of particularly high values of photochemical pollution. The model is run in these periods and the chemical species fields obtained are validated with observations.

The future work will focus on two assimilation techniques: Optimal Interpolation and Kalman Filter. In particular, routines for assimilation of chemical species concentration, using satellite observations and ground measurements, will be developed for each techniques. Then this package will be inserted in the model. The new simulations (with data assimilation) and the old one (without data assimilation) will be compared in order to quantified the potential improvements of each technique.

Poster 30

Heterogeneous reactivity of O₃ and NO₂ with pyrene and two of its derivatives adsorbed on atmospheric model particles

K. Miet, Budzinski H. and Villenave E.

University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires,

Laboratoire de Physico & Toxico Chimie de l'Environnement, Talence Cedex, France

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mainly released into the atmosphere via pyrolytic processes. Even if there are some natural sources, PAHs originate mostly from anthropogenic activities based on fossil fuel and organic matter incomplete combustion. Due to their low vapour pressure, they are mostly adsorbed on solid particles. In the troposphere, PAHs can be photolyzed or react with atmospheric trace gases like ozone, NOx or OH radicals. These reactions can lead to carcinogenic and mutagenic products such as nitro-PAHs, hydroxy-PAHs and quinones. If many studies on the atmospheric oxidation of PAHs in the gas-phase have been reported in the literature, there are only few kinetic data concerning their heterogeneous reactivity. Furthermore there is an important lack of data about lifetimes of PAH oxidation products, even if such compounds may be more toxic than their parent compounds. They must be taken into account for understanding global PAH toxicity.

The aim of this work was to document the fate of PAH oxidation products in the atmosphere by focusing on the kinetic study of the degradation of particulate pyrene and two of its derivatives, 1-hydroxypyrene and 1-nitropyrene, with two atmospheric oxidants, NO₂ and O₃. Kinetic measurements were based on the quantification of particulate compounds vs. exposure time to oxidant and performed in a total darkness to avoid any interference with photolysis. Compounds were extracted using accelerated solvent extraction and quantified using an internal standard by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Some oxidation products were also identified by GC/MS. Mechanisms for these reactions will be proposed in this presentation.

Poster 31

Diurnal dynamics of selected VOCs over Macchia canopy vegetation measured by two PTR-MS instruments

P.K. Misztal ^(1,2) , J. N. Cape ⁽²⁾, B. Langford ⁽³⁾, M. Heal ⁽¹⁾, E. Nemitz ⁽²⁾

¹School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, UK

²Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Edinburgh, Penicuik, UK

³Environmental Science Department, Lancaster University, UK

Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) has recently been proven to enable high frequency quantification of VOCs emitted from both anthropogenic [1] and biogenic sources [2]. Two PTR-MS instruments were employed in a field campaign at Castel Porziano in Italy during early May 2007. The sampling site was located over Macchia vegetation close to the Tyrrhenian Sea. Additionally, there was a moderate intensity traffic road approximately 100m to the landward (NE) side of the site. The measurement data are spatially attributed to certain types of process, whose origin can be gathered from the correlation with the wind direction. The concentration dynamics of VOCs such as methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, isoprene and monoterpenes are presented, as well as an indication of their sources and sinks. During the continuous measurements by the two PTR-MS instruments one could observe a clear diurnal trend of VOCs concentrations, which was consistent on both machines. Sonic anemometer measurements were synchronised in time with the PTR-MS. Advection from the vegetation source (SW and NE), occurring mostly during the night, correlated well with increased concentrations of monoterpenes and isoprene, while levels of methanol, acetaldehyde and acetone were low. However, the opposite pattern was recorded during the daytime when the wind direction changed to SE and NW, revealing low levels of monoterpenes and isoprene while levels of other measured VOCs exhibited marked enhancement. Dependence of VOCs concentrations on the wind direction is presented in distinction for day and night time. In order to accurately simulate the emission processes from vegetation, air quality models require accurate dynamic emission data, which are necessary for the development of dynamic terrestrial models. These data will provide valuable dynamic measurements for validation of models.

Poster 32

Seasonality of Intercontinental Air Pollution on a Regional Basis

C. C. Moberg, Holloway T. and Ehlers S.

Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment
University of Wisconsin-Madison, 
Madison, WI, USA

Global circulation patterns, chemistry, and emissions all affect the seasonal cycles of atmospheric constituents and their long-range transport. We examine spatial and temporal patterns in intercontinental transport of ozone (O₃) and carbon monoxide (CO) in the Northern Hemisphere, using the MOZART v. 2 chemical transport model. We focus on patterns in intercontinental inflow to individual regions of the United States. For each region, we evaluate how local sources compare with imported species, and how these patterns respond to seasonal climate variability. CO exhibits a straightforward cycle in all regions, with maximum intercontinental transport in winter months when the lifetime is longest. In contrast, O₃ transport reflects competing processes of chemical production (maximum in summer), chemical lifetime (maximum in winter), and meteorological export processes (strongest over the Pacific in spring). We characterize how these processes contribute to monthly average transport from Europe and Asia to North America.

Poster 33

High PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations episodes analysed by air back trajectories

V. Novaković¹, Mijić Z.¹, Lazić L.², Rajšić S.¹, Tasić M.¹

¹Institute of Physics, Belgrade, Serbia

²Institute of Meteorology, Faculty of Physics, Belgrade, Serbia

A pilot study was performed to assess the concentration level of ambient suspended particulate matter PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 (aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm and 2.5 µm) in the Belgrade central urban area. As the strong negative health effect of exposure to the inhalable particulate matter in the urban environment has been confirmed, the study of the mass concentrations, physico-chemical characteristics, sources, as well as spatial and temporal variation of atmospheric aerosol particles becomes very important. Suspended particles were collected on Pure Teflon filters by using a Mini-Vol air sampler Theoretical and experimental evidence was based on numerical weather prediction model and trajectory model so-called Eta model. The main sources of particulate matter were traffic emission, and individual heating emissions.

Poster 34

Anthropogenic heat release in an old European agglomeration (Toulouse, France)

G. Pigeon

Centre national de Recherches Météorologiques, Météo-France/CNRS-GAME, 42, av. Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse Cedex, France

The anthropogenic heat has been estimated for the old European city of Toulouse from February 2004 to March 2005. At local scale, over a dense urban area, surface energy balance measurements have been conducted and a method is proposed to estimate Q_F with the residual of observations. Values obtained from this method present a general tendency in agreement with what can be expected for Q_F. During winter, estimates are around 70 W m^-2 and during summer around 15 W m^-2. At the city scale an inventory of energy ofenergy consumption was conducted for the period of the field campaign. For all sources of energy considered, the smallest temporal resolution was the day. The inventory was spatialized over the agglomeration with a resolution of 100 m. Estimates from inventory were analyzed at the local scale around the measurements site and compared with estimates from energy balance measurements. For winter period, both estimates agree. Then for summer period, the flux is underestimated by the surface energy balance method. From the inventory, it is deduced to be around 30 W m^-2.

At the city scale, the basal state of energy consumption (summer period) varies between 25 W m^-2 for densest areas to values lower than 5 W m^-2 for residential suburban areas. Areas crossed by major roads are dominated by released from traffic during summer. Then for winter period, densest areas of Toulouse experienced Q_F up to 100 W m^-2 whereas this term is between 5 and 25 W m^-2 over suburban areas.

Poster 35

The UKCA model

R. Pike

Center for Atmospheric Science, University of Cambridge, UK

The U.K. Chemistry and Aerosols (UKCA) project aims to provide a comprehensive description of whole-atmosphere gas-phase and aerosol chemistry as a component of the Met Office Unified Model, used here in climate model configuration. We assess the performance of the tropospheric gas-phase chemistry embedded in UKCA versus available observations for a variety of species. In general the model results agree well with the measurements; we also discuss some remaining problems. In addition, we study the sensitivity of these results to changing isoprene emissions, reflecting possible shifts in agriculture associated with future large-scale production of biofuels.

Poster 36

NOVAC scanning instruments at Latin-American volcanoes: Installation and first results

C. Rivera

Volcanic emissions monitoring during volcanic unrest, especially at eruptive and intense passive degassing stages can give good indication of the pattern of activity of a volcano. The Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change (NOVAC) project encompasses a global network of stations to monitor volcanic gas emissions using Scanning Dual-beam miniature – Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (Mini-DOAS) instruments. This poster describes the installation and first results of Scanning-DOAS instruments at some Latin-American volcanoes, as part of the NOVAC project.

Poster 37

FASTPEX - An airborne chemical ionization mass spectrometer for fast measurement of peroxyacylnitrates.

A. Roiger

Institute of Atmospheric Physics, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Weßling, Germany

An airborne chemical ionization mass spectrometer will be developed, characterized and deployed for in situ measurements of peroxyacylnitrates (PANs, R-C(O)OO-NO₂). PANs are formed during the photochemical oxidation of various non-methane hydrocarbons in the presence of NO_x (NO_x=NO+NO₂). They serve as an important temporary reservoir for reactive nitrogen oxides and thus may influence the photochemical production of ozone also far away from pollution sources.

A number of different PAN homologous have been observed in the atmosphere. The simplest and most abundant is peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN, CH₃-C(O)OO-NO₂) with atmospheric mixing ratios in polluted urban areas between a few pmol/mol and several tens of nmol/mol. The relative abundance of the different PAN compounds reflects the mix of hydrocarbons involved in the photochemistry.

The airborne TD-CIMS system will be deployed from the new German research aircraft HALO and will provide measurements with a high time resolution of 1s and low detection limit of a few pptv. The sample air enters the system via a heated inlet where the different homologues of PAN thermally dissociate into acylperoxy radicals (R-C(O)OO). These decomposition products are passed through a flow reactor where they are selectively ionized with artificially produced I^- reagent ions. Thereby carboxylate ions (R-C(O)O^-) are formed which are unique for each parent PAN species. These characteristic product ions are detected by an ion trap mass spectrometer.

Poster 38

Modelling emissions, chemistry and transport within forest canopies

J. Ryder^{1, 2}, McFiggans G.², Neil Cape J.¹, Nemitz E.¹

¹Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) Edinburgh, United Kingdom

² Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.

A one-dimensional chemistry and transport model is being developed to simulate the chemistry of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) , including biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) formation within forest canopies and the boundary layer. The model will be used to interpret concentration and flux measurements of VOCs and organic aerosol from previous campaigns in pine and oak canopies, as well as data obtained from the forthcoming OP3-Danum-2008 campaign at a mixed tropical forest in Borneo. Key parameterisation choices in the model are discussed. VOC species are modelled as three groups * isoprene, monoterpene and sesquiterpene, but the potential for further speciation is explored. The emission of species is based on the parameterisation of Guenther [1] as a function of the measured vertical profiles of leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and temperature within the canopy. For the Borneo measurements in particular, consideration will be given to temporal and spatial variation of those factors across the canopy, and the measurement campaign will seek to quantify this. Dry deposition to vegetation and to the canopy floor is modelled, using an assigned deposition velocity to each species and to generic aerosol and gas products. The options for improved emission and deposition parameterisations are explored, together with different representation of in-canopy turbulent transfer, based on (a) K-theory only and (b) explicit treatment of near- and far-field effects (Raupach et al., 1989).

The selection of a chemistry scheme is a key step in interpreting the in-canopy chemistry. Available chemistry schemes for aerosol fall into 3 categories, as outlined by Kanakidou et al [2] - empirical data sets derived from cloud chambers, explicit gas phase oxidation mechanisms and simplified gas phase oxidation mechanisms. Initially, a simple scheme to simulate night-time chemistry has been implemented but further work making use of developments in numerical chemical modelling schemes, including those currently developed for the UK QUEST Earth System Model, is anticipated.

The development of the 1D-model is outlined, and options for refinement and calibration of the model are investigated. Initial sensitivity runs will be presented and discussed.

[1] Guenther A, 1997, Ecological Applications 7 (1): 34-45 Feb 1997

[2] Kanakidou M et al, 2005, Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review, Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics 5: 1053-1123 Mar 30 2005

Poster 39

Evaluation of the global tropospheric chemistry model GEM-AQ for the surface ozone variability over Europe, based on measurements from the EMEP network.

K. Sobotka

Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

The following work was devoted to the subject of the evaluation of simulation results of the global tropospheric chemistry model GEM-AQ for the surface ozone variability over Europe. All data used for comparison analyses were obtained from the EMEP database (Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air pollutants in Europe) for 49 chosen stations spread over Europe. The period of comparisons included four years: 2001-2004.

Research on measured data allowed differences to recognized between representation of time courses of ground-level ozone concentrations over all Europe. Additional analysis was used to estimate the degree of correlation between real and forecasted concentration courses.

For each station statistical parameters were calculated like: MBE (Mean Bias Error), NMBE (Normalized Mean Bias Error), MAGE (Mean Absolute Gross Error), NMAGE (Normalized Mean Absolute Gross Error) and correlation coefficient. Additionally analyses of time and spatial variation were made.

Distribution of annual ozone concentration shows significant correlation with geographical latitude. Differences in time courses of ozone concentration may be caused i.e. by meteorological conditions, faster ozone removal in urbanized areas, wind transportation of air, stronger processes of vertical mixing in mountain areas and low speed of deposition over the water.

Poster 40

PM10 Pollution Analysis and Forecasting in Riga, Latvia

Iveta Steinberga

University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth sciences, Riga, Latvia

The present study addresses recent achievements to a better linking of meteorology, air pollution levels and forecasting in urban areas. Meteorological conditions were analysed, with special emphasis on air pollution episodes caused by wind speed and direction, temperature, humidity, atmospheric stability and rainfalls. The study was performed in order to identify meteorological situations that might cause extremely high air pollution episodes in agglomerations and urban areas in particular. Despite the reduction in emissions as SO2, NOx and large particulates, short and long-term air quality limit values and in some cases even alarm thresholds specified in European directives have been exceeded in many of the large European cities. With this and human health in mind, quantitative and qualitative impacts of meteorological parameters have been analysed. Connecting human health with air pollution, it is possible to postulate, that over the last few years stable high air pollution levels, particular in cases of particulates, possibly increase number of respiratory illnesses and mortality rates. The analysis of PM10 concentration dependence on meteorological factors shows that PM10 concentration formation process is a non-linear process and some corrections for ARIMA algorithms based on other meteorological parameters are necessary; the spring high-level PM10 episodes were mostly of anthropogenic origin (street sanding). It could be useful to elaborate neural networks for future PM10 pollution forecasts by comparing the ARIMA model.

Poster 41

An isoprene mechanism suitable for low-NO_x regimes

D. Taraborrelli, Lawrence M. G., Butler T., Dillon T. J., Sander R., Williams J.

and Lelieveld J.
Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany

A substantial fraction of the global isoprene emissions occurs in regions where [NO]< 50 pptv. Nevertheless, most hydrocarbon degradation mechanisms have been developed and evaluated for moderate and high-NO_x regimes ( [NO] > 100 pptv ), in which RO₂ + NO reactions tend to override RO₂ + HO₂ and RO₂ + R'O₂ reactions. In very low-NO_x regimes, substantial differences with the computation of key species such as O₃ and OH can therefore be expected.

Here we present a box model study of a new condensed degradation scheme for isoprene suitable for simulations in atmospheric chemistry models. It is a further development of the well established Mainz Isoprene Mechanism (MIM), focusing on improving low-NOx regimes, which we call MIM2.

In its extension, called MIM2+, we include new experimental results and detailed chemistry of the hydroperoxides and the nitrates which go beyond the current MCM reactions; the new reactions are included following the current MCM protocol.

Our new mechanism will have substantial effects on the results of atmospheric chemistry models, and should be a step forward for addressing issues like the global oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere and tropospheric ozone and OH distributions.

Poster 42

Seasonal variability of the formation of particle sulfur species (sulfate and methanesulfonate) over the Eastern Mediterranean: a modeling approach

E. Tzitzikalaki

Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Greece

Particles scatter or absorb solar radiation and act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), thus influence the earth’s albedo and climate. In regions surrounding the Mediterranean sulfate, black carbon and dust appear to be the key aerosol components. In addition, observations show that sulfate contributes by more than 50% to the submicron aerosol mass. Therefore, to improve our understanding on the mechanism of particulate sulfur formation and methanosulfonate in the Eastern Mediterranean and to evaluate the relative contribution of biogenic and anthropogenic sources to the S budget, a chemical box model coupled offline with an aerosol-cloud model has been used. The chemical box model is appropriate for simulations of boundary layer chemistry taking into account C1-C5 hydrocarbon chemistry as well as sulfur oxidation in the troposphere. The aerosol model is capable of simulating all basic aerosol processes, including (parameterized) nucleation, condensational growth of aerosol particles by both non-volatile and semi-volatile trace gases, coagulation, cloud droplet activation and deactivation, as well as aqueous-phase reaction taking place in hygroscopic aerosol particles or in cloud droplets. These box models have been synergistically used to investigate the seasonal variability and the mechanism of particulate sulfate formation in the area. 

Poster 43

Twenty-five years of continuous sulphur dioxide emission

reduction in Europe

V. Vestreng¹, Myhre G.², Fagerli H.¹, Reis S.³, Tarrasón L.¹

¹Air Pollution Section, Research Department, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo,

Norway

²Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

³Atmospheric Sciences Section, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh, Scotland

During the last twenty-five years European emission data have been compiled and reported under the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) as part of the work under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). This paper presents emission trends of SO2 reported to EMEP and validated within the programme for the period 1980-2004. These European anthropogenic sulphur emissions have been steadily decreasing over the last twenty-five years, amounting from about 55 Tg SO2 in 1980 to 15 Tg SO2 in 2004. The uncertainty in sulphur emission estimates for individual countries and years are documented to range between 3% and 25%. The relative contribution of European emissions to global anthropogenic sulphur emissions has been halved during this period. Based on annual emission reports from European countries, three emission reduction regimes have been identified. The period 1980-1989 is characterized by low annual emission reductions (below 5% reduction per year and 20% for the whole period) and is dominated by emission reductions in Western Europe. The period 1990-1999 is characterised by high annual emission reductions (up to 11% reduction per year and 54% for the whole period), most pronounced in Central and Eastern Europe. The annual emission reductions in the period 2000-2004 are medium to low (below 6% reduction per year and 17% for the whole period) and reflect the unified Europe, with equally large reductions in both East and West. The sulphur emission reduction has been largest in the sector Combustion in energy and transformation industries, but substantial decreases are also seen in the Non-industrial combustion plants together with the sectors Industrial combustion and Industrial production processes. The majority of European countries have reduced their emissions by more than 60% between 1990 and 2004, and one quarter have already achieved sulphur emission reductions higher than 80%. At European level, the total sulphur target for 2010 set in the Gothenburg Protocol (16 Tg) has apparently already been met by 2004. However, still half of the Parties to the Gothenburg Protocol have to reduce further their sulphur emissions in order to attain their individual country total emission targets for 2010. It is also noteworthy that, contrasting the Gothenburg Protocol requirements, a growing number of countries have recently been reporting increasing sulphur emissions, while others report only minor further decreases. The emission trends presented here are supported by different studies of air concentrations and depositions carried out within and outside the framework of the LRTAP Convention.

Poster 44

Eutrophication and acidification of german forest ecosystems due to atmospheric N deposition

S. Wochele, Butterbach-Bahl K., Heinzeller C., Grote R. and Kiese R.

Karlsruhe Research Center, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany

High anthropogenic atmospheric deposition of sulphate, nitrate and ammonium can lead to acidification and eutrophication of forest ecosystems, causing problems with forest health and shifts in biodiverstiy. The deposition reached a peak during the 1980s and a number of conventions (e.g. Goteburg Protocol) have been signed, agreeing to reduce industrial emissions. In the last decades due to the use of filter systems sulphate deposition could be significantly reduced, whereas nitrogen depositions (NH₄, NO₃) are still on a high level (ca. 40 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1)

In this study, soil acidification submodule based on ForSAFE will be implemented into the Modular Biosphere Simulation Environment (MoBile). MoBile is a model framework already capable to simulate N and C turnover in forest ecosystems and associated nutrient losses e.g. N leaching and trace gas emissions (CO₂, N₂O, NO, N₂, CH₄). The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of elevated atmospheric N deposition on forest acidification and eutrophication. This will be done retrospectively (1960-2000) and by application of future deposition and climate scenarios (2000-2030), the latter especially with respect to the evaluation of the recovery potential of forest ecosystems.

The poster presents the architecture of the MoBile model including the implementation of the new acidification submodule, first simulation results on acidification and on the N balance of forests in Germany.

Poster 45

VOC/NOx sensitivity analysis for ozone production using CMAQ process analysis for the Pacific Northwest

Y. Xie

Washington State University, Pullman WA, USA

As a way to improve our ability to model photochemical ozone in the Pacific Northwest, process analysis in the CMAQ modeling system was used to investigate ozone production rate (P(O3)) and its relationship with NOx, total VOC reactivity, and radical production rate for selected ozone episodes. The maximum ozone production rate was found to be 30-40 ppb hr-1, with NOx concentrations of 5-15 ppb and total VOC reactivity of 8-12 s-1.  On two of three high ozone days, the peak ozone production rate occurred at a NOx level close to 10 ppb, which is close to the values found in most other urban areas in U.S.  Five local indicators (fOH+HC, fHO2+NO, P(H2O2)/P(HNO3), O3/NOx, and LN/Q) for instantaneous odd oxygen production rate were examined, and odd oxygen sensitivity to VOC and NOx changes in the region was evaluated using these indicators. All five indicators appear to be able to distinguish NOx and VOC sensitive conditions and suggest similar results regarding the location of the ozone ridgeline. When P(O3) reaches maximum levels, the Portland and Seattle urban cores both appear to have negative net production rates and are VOC limited. The grid cells with maximum P(O3) are located downwind of the urban cores and are mainly NOx limited as suggested by the indicators.

Poster 46

Biogenic VOC emissions estimation by using the global land cover characteristics database

O. D. Yay

Anadolu University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey

Emissions of biogenic (foliar) VOC emissions from Turkey were estimated. The basis for the calculations was a land cover dataset depending mainly on satellite data, namely the “Global Land Cover Characteristics Database” which is publicly available. The goal was to estimate the general average biogenic VOC emission potential, so some climatic meteorological data was used for temperature. For PAR (photochemically active radiation) values, TUV model was used with the assumption of clear skies. GIS was employed at almost all stages of the method. The emission results were found to be higher than some earlier global studies, especially for isoprene. The total emissions of isoprene calculated are 1131 kilotons per year, a value slightly larger than the value of 1090 which is the emissions from April to September. This is expectable because of the dependence of isoprene emissions on solar radiation and the foliar density and also because of the fact that the isoprene is emitted mainly by deciduous trees.

Poster 47

Estimation of Biogenic VOC Emissions in the Czech Republic

K. Zemankova

Charles University of Prague, Department of Meteorology and Environment Protection, Prague, Czech Republic

My present work is focused on estimation of isoprene and monoterpene emissions from natural sources in the Czech Republic. We are using model of biogenic emissions suggested by Guenther et al. (1995). Ecosystem dependent factors are based on the Corine land cover of our region. The most important land cover categories in the context of natural VOC emissions in the Czech Republic are coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests where the major plant components are for example Picea Abies, Pinus Sylvestris, Quercus Petraea, Fagus Silvatica. Area of the Czech Republic is divided into approximately 800 grid cells. Emission flux from each cell will be evaluated under varying environmental conditions. Estimate of biogenic VOC emissions will then be used as an input into chemical transport model for simulation of tropospheric ozone formation to study the influence of natural sources on concentration of this photochemical pollutant.

Reference: Guenther A., Hewitt N., Erickson D., Fall R., Geron Ch., Graedel T., Harley P., Klinger L., Lerdau M., McKay W. A., Pierce T., Scholes B., Steinbrecher R., Tallamraju R., Taylor J., Zimmerman P., 1995: Global model of natural organic compound emissions. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8873-8892.